First, the accused should commit an act which is deemed by society to be criminal, or actus reus . Second, the accused will must have the requisite malicious intent to do a criminal act, or mens rea . However, for so called “strict legal responsibility” crimes, an actus reus is enough. Criminal techniques of the civil law custom distinguish between intention in the broad sense , and negligence.
As one legal historian wrote, “Justinian consciously seemed again to the golden age of Roman law and aimed to restore it to the peak it had reached three centuries before.” The Justinian …

